Zoonotic Disease:
Disease spread from animals to humans. The major modern diseases such as Ebola virus disease and Salmonellosis are zoonoses. HIV was a zoonotic disease that spread to humans in the early 20th century, although it has now turned into a separate human-only disease. Most strains of influenza that infect humans are human diseases, although many strains of bird flu and swine flu are Zoonoses; These viruses sometimes reunite with human strains of the flu and can cause epidemics such as the Spanish flu of 1918 or the 2009 swine flu. Tenia solium infection is one of the neglected tropical diseases with public health and veterinary concern in endemic areas. Zoonos’ disease can be caused by a range of pathogens such as emerging viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites; Of the 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans, 61% were zoonotic. Most human diseases originated in other animals; However, only diseases that routinely involve non-human to human transmission, such as rabies, are considered to be direct Zoonosis.
There are different modes of transmission of Zoonos. In direct zoonosis, the disease is transmitted from other animals to humans through direct air (influenza) or bites and saliva (rabies). Conversely, transmission can also occur through an intermediate species (referred to as a vector), which carries the pathogen to the disease without becoming ill. When humans infect other animals, it is called reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis.
Host genetics play an important role in determining which animal viruses will be able to make copies of themselves in the human body. Dangerous animal viruses are those that require some mutation to replicate themselves in human cells. These viruses are dangerous because the necessary combinations of mutations in the natural reservoir can occur randomly.
Causes
Zoonotic transmission can occur in any context in which exposure to or consumption of animals, animal products, or animal derivatives occurs. This can be in a companion (domesticated), economic (farming, trade, butcher, etc.), hunter (hunting, butchering or consuming wild game) or research context.
Farming, ranching and animal husbandry
Exposure to farm animals can cause illness in farmers or others who come in contact with infected farm animals. Glanders mainly affect people who work closely with horses and donkeys. Close contact with cattle can cause dermal anthrax infection, while inhalation anthrax infection is more common for workers in slaughterhouses, tanning and wool mills. Close contact with sheep that have recently given birth can lead to chlamydiosis, or enzootic miscarriage in pregnant women, as well as increase the risk of Q fever, toxoplasmosis, and listeriosis in pregnant women or otherwise be immunocompromised. Echinococcosis is caused by a tapeworm that can spread from fecal or wool contaminated food or water from infected sheep. Bird flu is common in chickens. While rare in humans, the main public health concern is that a type of bird flu will reintegrate with the human flu virus and cause a 1918 Spanish flu-like pandemic. In 2017, free range chickens in the UK were ordered to stay inside temporarily due to the risk of bird flu. Cattle are an important repository of cryptosporidiosis and primarily affect people incapacitated in immunity. Recent reports have shown that minks can also be infected.
Veterinarians are exposed to unique occupational hazards and zoonotic diseases. In the US, studies have highlighted the increased risk of injuries and the lack of veterinary awareness for these hazards. Research has proven the importance of continuing clinical veterinarian education on occupational risks associated with musculoskeletal injuries, animal bites, needle-prick and cuts.A July 2020 report by the United Nations Environment Program states that the increase in the zoonotic epidemic is directly responsible for the anthropogenic destruction of nature and the increasing global demand for meat, and in particular the industrial cultivation of pigs and chickens is a primary risk. Will be the factor. For the outbreak of zoonotic diseases in the future.
Wild animal attacks
Rabies
Pets
Pets can transmit many diseases. Dogs and cats are regularly vaccinated with rabies. Pets can also transmit herpes and giardia, which are endemic in both animal and human populations. Toxoplasmosis is a common infection of cats; It is a mild disease in humans, although it can be dangerous for pregnant women. Dirofilariasis is caused by Dirofilaria imitis through mosquitoes infected by mammals such as dogs and cats. Cat-scratch disease is caused by Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana from endemic fleas in cats. Toxocariasis is an infection of humans of any species of roundworm, including species specific for dogs (Toxocara canis) or cats (Toxocara cati). Cryptosporidiosis can spread from domesticated lizards to humans, such as the leopard gecko. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidial parasite carried by many mammals, including rabbits, and is an important opportunistic pathogen in people immunized by HIV / AIDS, organ transplantation, or CD4 + T-lymphocyte depletion.
The exhibition Zoonoses outbreaks have been detected by human contact with and contact with other animals in fairs, live animal markets, pet zoos and other settings. In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released an updated list of recommendations to prevent zoonoses transmission in public settings. The recommendations, developed in conjunction with the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, include educational responsibilities of venue operators, limiting public animal exposure, and animal care and management.
Hunting and bush meat
COVID-19
HIV
Sars
Deforestation, loss of Biodiversity and Environmental degradation:
Zoonotic diseases are increasingly associated with environmental change and human behavior. Disintegration of ancient forests induced by logging, mining, road construction through remote locations, rapid urbanization, and population growth are bringing people into closer contact with species of animals they may have never lived before. The resulting transmission of the disease from wildlife to humans is now “a hidden cost of human economic development”. The Imassive deforestation, uncontrolled expansion of agriculture, intensive farming, mining and infrastructure development as well as exploitation of wild species have led to the spread of diseases Has created a ‘perfect storm’. From wildlife to people.
An April 2020 study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society Part B found that the incidence of virus outbreaks from animals to humans could be linked to loss of biodiversity and degradation of the environment, as humans do in agriculture, hunting and resource extraction To encroach further encroach wild lands. They are exposed to pathogens that usually persist in these areas. Such spillover incidents have been tripling every decade since 1980. An August 2020 study published in Nature concluded that anthropogenic destruction of ecosystems aimed at expanding agriculture and human settlements reduces biodiversity and allows for smaller animals such as bats and mice, which are more human. Adapt to the pressures and also lead to the spread of most zoonotic diseases. This in turn can lead to more epidemics.
In October 2020, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Forum on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services published its report on the ‘era of epidemics’ by 22 experts in various fields, and concluded that anthropogenic destruction of biodiversity paved the way for the epidemic era. , And as a result more than 450,000 viruses can be transmitted from animals – especially birds and mammals – to humans. The increased pressure on the ecosystem is being driven by an “exponential growth” in the consumption and trade of commodities such as meat, palm oil and metals, largely facilitated by developed countries and a growing human population. According to Peter Daszak, the chairman of the group that produced the report, “There is no great mystery about the cause of the Kovid-19 pandemic, or any modern pandemic. The same human activities that harm climate change and biodiversity also drive There are epidemic risks through their effects on our environment.
Veganism
Veganism is the practice of avoiding the use of animal products, especially in the diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the animal object status. A person who follows a diet or philosophy is known as a vegan. A distinction can be made between several categories of Veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as “strict vegetarians”, abstain from consuming meat, eggs, dairy products, and any other animal-derived substances. An ethical vegan, also known as a “moral vegetarian”, is one who not only follows a vegetarian diet but also extends philosophy to other areas of his life, and for any purpose animals Resists use. Another term is “Environmental Veganism’, which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the grounds that industrial farming of animals is harmful and volatile to the environment.
Vegan Lifestyle
A vegan lifestyle is a plant-based way of living that avoids all animal products and exploitation, encompassing diet (no meat, dairy, eggs, honey) and often avoiding animal-derived materials like leather and wool, driven by ethical, environmental, or health reasons. It focuses on fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes, fashion, cosmetics, and entertainment etc.
Core Principles:
•Dietary: Excludes all meat, poultry, fish, dairy, eggs, and honey, focusing on plant-based foods.
•Beyond Food: Extends to avoiding animal-tested products, leather, wool, silk, and entertainment using animals (e.g., zoos, circuses).
Reasons for Adopting Veganism:
•Ethical: To protest animal cruelty and exploitation in food, clothing, and other industries.
•Environmental: To reduce the environmental impact of animal agriculture.
•Health: For potential benefits like improved heart health, weight management, and disease prevention.
Argument: All plants & trees are also living things then why only plant & trees should be allowed to use —-
Of course, no doubt that all plants & trees are also living things. By discarding the commodity status of animals, it will automatically reduce maximum consumption of all plants & trees also. The plants & trees used for nurturing the animals in livestock farming/animals husbandries will be reduced to a great extent by stopping the livestock farming.
Overall, about one-third of the world’s food is thrown away. A similar amount is lost on top of that by feeding human-edible food to farm animals.
Food wastage is the discarding of food that is still edible, occurring at every stage of the supply chain, from farm to fork. This leads to significant environmental damage, including wasted resources like water and land, and contributes to climate change through methane emissions from landfills. It also represents a major ethical issue, as this waste occurs while over 800 million people face hunger globally.
So by controlling food wastage we can reduce not only the consumption of plants & trees as well as the pollution also to the great extent.
By controlling the population of all Humans & non Human Animals will also lead to reduce the consumption of all plants & trees. If we control the population of all humans & non humans animals to the extant that all living beings may survive by fulfilling their needs from alternate sources e.g. detritus or organic matter of plants & trees e.g. fruits & vegetables, flowers & barks etc which depart from plants & trees naturally or due to natural disasters wind, rains & storm etc. Similarly we may fulfill our other lifestyle products needs from the detritus or organic matter of all other living beings which occur naturally or due to natural disasters. Then it will help us in reducing the consumption of all plant & trees to the maximum extent & it will also help in reducing the pollution control & spoiling of the soil of the earth.
More over hope if in near future our scientist may get success to make some such an appetite suppressant food supplement formulation e.g. Capsule/Tablet or Powder from the detritus or organic matter of plants by which consuming once in a week it may fulfill all the nutrients requirement & suppress the appetite at least for Three to Five days in a single dosage without any harm or side effect. If it happened, then it may be possible to fulfill all the requirement of food & Lifestyle products from the detritus or organic matter of all living beings which in turn will help to reduce the consumption of all plants & trees & in controlling of pollution & spoiling of the soil of the earth to a maximum extent.
Therefore the Commodity Status of All Animals should be discarded and the Livestock Farming should be totally banned. All the Animals Husbandries should be changed to Animals Welfare Centers.
Some Important Videos to know more about Zoonotic Diseases:-
- What are zoonotic diseases? Video: Click Here
2. Everything you need to know about VEGANISM | Animal rights & ethics of veganism explained: Video: Click Here